I saw this rather extraordinary image on Tumblr earlier today:

I was going to make some crack about the past being a foreign country and how different the medieval mind was to the modern one, but for some reason I couldn’t leave it at that. The original poster simply captioned it “Manuscript painting depicting a man expelling an amphibious creature”, and that clearly wasn’t enough. Who painted this thing and when and why? What was the amphibious creature doing?
Well, still not sure exactly who (it may or may not have been someone called Stephanus Garsia) but at least I have a better idea of why, cos this is only a detail from a bigger picture:

A bit of digging led me to this 8th century Spanish monk, Beatus of Liebana, whose major work was this thing:
The Commentary on the Apocalypse (Commentaria in Apocalypsin) is a Latin commentary on the biblical Book of Revelation written around 776 by the Spanish monk and theologian Beatus of Liébana (c. 730–after 785). The surviving texts differ somewhat, and the work is mainly famous for the spectacular illustrations in a group of illustrated manuscripts, mostly produced on the Iberian Peninsula over the following five centuries. There are 29 surviving illustrated manuscripts (many incomplete or fragments) dating from the 9th to the 13th centuries, as well as other unillustrated and later manuscripts. Significant copies include the Morgan, Saint-Sever, Gerona, Osma, Madrid (Vitr 14-1), and Tábara Beatus codices.
Most unusually for a theological work, the imagery seems to have been included from the start, and is considered to be the work of Beatus himself, although the earliest surviving manuscripts date from about a century after he wrote the book. After about another century, around 950, the size and number of illustrations was expanded. Manuscripts of the work are typically referred to just as a Beatus. They included a Beatus map, a version of the medieval type of world map called the T and O map with added details; this is supposed to have been created by Beatus. It has only survived in some copies.
This particular image hails from the Saint-Sever manuscript, produced some time in the mid-eleventh century, and depicts the unclean spirits coming out of the beast, the dragon, and the false prophet in Rev. 16:13, the text of which describes them as looking like frogs. Slightly more than just “amphibious creatures”, I’d say.
I’m puzzled as to why the original poster put the abbreviated version of the picture up with so little further info, though. I mean, it could very well be this is the only version of it they have or that they know, but… were they never curious about its origin like I was? It only took me a few minutes to find all this out, considerably less than it’s taken me to write about it… Whatever. At least I now know it’s not just the artist being wilfully weird, it was the drug abuser who wrote Revelation in the first place…
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